{"id":89490,"date":"2026-03-10T14:08:28","date_gmt":"2026-03-10T07:08:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/?p=89490"},"modified":"2026-03-10T14:08:30","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T07:08:30","slug":"he-thong-tieu-chuan-cua-astm-gop-phan-bao-dam-an-toan-cho-nguoi-cao-tuoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/he-thong-tieu-chuan-cua-astm-gop-phan-bao-dam-an-toan-cho-nguoi-cao-tuoi\/10\/03\/2026\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ASTM g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thanh ch\u1eafn gi\u01b0\u1eddng di \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i \u0111ang chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m gia d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n r\u1ee7i ro b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf – ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt (F04) v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng (F15) c\u1ee7a ASTM International \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n do hai \u1ee7y ban n\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 thanh, v\u00edt v\u00e0 khung d\u00f9ng trong ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng; thanh ch\u1eafn gi\u01b0\u1eddng di \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c g\u00f3i b\u1ed9t gi\u1eb7t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf – ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 – x\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea7n suy y\u1ebfu. S\u1ee5n kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i b\u1ecb m\u00f2n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u00e8n \u00e9p d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u0111au nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.\u00a0Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 thay kh\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng ca ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u ban v\u1ec1 thay kh\u1edbp (F04.22) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng (F04.25).<\/p>\n

David Spenciner, Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung c\u1ee7a F04 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Theo \u00f4ng Spenciner, kho\u1ea3ng ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111au l\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 kh\u1ecfi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1eaft b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng (F1717), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00edt cu\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng. Theo Zac Dooley, \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ti\u1ec3u ban F04.25, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i 14 l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, C\u01a1 quan Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 D\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m Hoa K\u1ef3 (FDA) t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p g\u1ea7n t\u1ee7y s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n F1717 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thanh v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng, gi\u00fap c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.\u00a0Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/div>\n

\u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n F1717 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 17 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u ban F04.25, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t kh\u1edbp v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, ti\u1ec3u ban \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ASTM, m\u1ecdi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i k\u00e8m theo tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i dung ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Thay kh\u1edbp<\/strong><\/p>\n

Leah Guenther, Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ti\u1ec3u ban F04.22 cho bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thay kh\u1edbp c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. Ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi.\u00a0C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng cung c\u1ea5p khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn do b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n F04.22 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u01a1n 40 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 theo k\u1ecbp s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u01b0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1nh tay v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thay th\u1ebf kh\u1edbp vai.<\/p>\n

Thanh ch\u1eafn gi\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u ban v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn (F15.70) v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t (F15.42) t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.\u00a0M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho thanh ch\u1eafn gi\u01b0\u1eddng di \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn (F3186). Khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn.\u00a0Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng. Thanh ch\u1eafn gi\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khe h\u1edf, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n cho t\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ef1ng qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o (F2057) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng sau nh\u1eefng tai n\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m khi t\u1ee7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf tr\u1ebb em. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i, v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p r\u1ee7i ro t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00e8o ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c g\u00f3i b\u1ed9t gi\u1eb7t l\u1ecfng (F3159). Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1ebb em nu\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c g\u00f3i b\u1ed9t gi\u1eb7t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc b\u1eaft m\u1eaft gi\u1ed1ng k\u1eb9o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 bao b\u00ec an to\u00e0n c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Theo Patty Edwards, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ti\u1ec3u ban F15.70, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111ang ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t n\u0103m 2015 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2022. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 8 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.\u00a0Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u0169ng \u00edt ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban c\u1ee7a ASTM lu\u00f4n theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec3u My (theo ASTM)<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thanh ch\u1eafn gi\u01b0\u1eddng di \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i \u0111ang chi\u1ebfm […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[59,30,22],"tags":[],"acf":{"linh-vuc":"Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89490"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=89490"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89490\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":89492,"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89490\/revisions\/89492"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=89490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tcvn.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=89490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}