R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n tin c\u1eady m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00ec so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn e ng\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n?<\/em><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hay v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng trong h\u01a1n hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970-80), k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1954, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n mang l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lo s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 sau c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Three Mile \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 (1979), Chernobyl \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169 (1986) v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Fukushima n\u0103m 2011 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3ndo \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 quy k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y cho \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/em>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u1ea1i Three Mile Island hay Fukushima<\/em><\/strong>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong tai n\u1ea1n <\/strong><\/em>Chernobyl trong v\u00f2ng 30 n\u0103m sau tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y<\/em><\/strong>.[1]<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec, v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u coi nh\u1eefng tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c?<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Thay v\u00ec khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf t\u1ea1i l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u01a1 t\u00e1n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady<\/em> (Theo Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3, c\u1ed9t m\u00e0u n\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft do c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1; c\u1ed9t m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft do \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea5p n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n s\u01a1 t\u00e1n<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n ra kh\u1ecfi khu v\u1ef1c Chernobyl trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1986 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1990,\u201d m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh An to\u00e0n v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u0103m 2011 t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u201cr\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai ra kh\u1ecfiFukushima Daiichi x\u00e9t tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m an to\u00e0n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n \u2013 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 – \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. D\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n \u1edf Fukushima, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 s\u01a1 t\u00e1n h\u01a1n 150 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi khu v\u1ef1c, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng d\u00e0i ng\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 1600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft do s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 16000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u00edch. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3,\u00a0kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft do h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh<\/strong>[2]- do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tho\u00e1t ra do s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Fukushima.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 (m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh sau tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Chernobyl) c\u0169ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt [1]<\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. H\u1ecd c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o chung t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IAEA) t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 20\/9\/2017. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Tia S\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 05\/10\/2017, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Pierre Darriulat, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Vi\u1ec7n s\u0129 th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c khoa h\u1ecdc Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (CERN), c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cB<\/em>\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh tr\u00ean GW s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, chu tr\u00ecnh than g\u00e2y b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ion h\u00f3a cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi chu tr\u00ecnh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng, g\u00e2y ra do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y sau s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 Fukushima, r\u1eb1ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n do c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng khi s\u01a1 t\u00e1n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t<\/em>; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong> v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n<\/em> (v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 22 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft) v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n<\/em>\u201d. M\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn an to\u00e0n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ee7i ro, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a<\/strong> v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch li\u00ean quan<\/em>\u201d.[3]<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra: t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1edbi tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 xem l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 50 n\u0103m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng Xanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u201cNguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00ec H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d n\u0103m 1953, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Eisenhower \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o. \u201cC\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c\u201d<\/em>, Eisenhower khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Manhattan, New York: \u201cM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed s\u1ebd l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Eisenhower ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 hoan ngh\u00eanh nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbc mong ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u201csao cho n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c quan v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. H\u1ecd xem ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1<\/em> – v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o. Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Oak Ridge (Hoa K\u1ef3) – \u00f4ng Alvin Weinberg – l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn: \u201cV\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n, n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1o ra ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m phong ph\u00fa m\u00e3i m\u00e3i\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (nh\u01b0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Sierra Club) l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra \u201cgh\u00e9t\u201d \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edd \u0111i nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ebb v\u00e0 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1974, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch d\u00e0i n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/strong> \u201cChi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n<\/em>,\u201d Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Sierra Club vi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1edb n\u0103m 1974 cho Ban gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, \u201cs\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p quy v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n\u201d. <\/em>Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng Xanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng<\/em><\/strong> m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang lo ng\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ph\u00e1p quy h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9i gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, k\u00e9o theo l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn, c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gieo v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 an to\u00e0n<\/strong>, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u201cg\u00e2y h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d,<\/em> th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 s\u00fay cho thuy\u1ebft Linear no-threshold\u201d (LNT)<\/em>, t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch \u201cM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh phi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (LNT)\u201d,<\/em> m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1.[4]. Theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng an to\u00e0n.\u00a0<\/strong>Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 giao thoa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, \u201c\u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 phi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh LNT v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/strong> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m qua.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u1ea5t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1970-1980 – <\/em>giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0ng kim<\/strong> c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a cao, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, n\u00e2ng t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n\u00a0to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u\u00a0t\u0103ng g\u1ea7n hai l\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb 9% l\u00ean 17%. [5]<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafm ch\u00f4ng gai, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1n b\u00e3o truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 2020, t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda. Theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Pierre Dariulat, l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh<\/em>\u00e2n<\/em>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y sau th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Chernobyl v\u00e0 Fukushima, k\u00e8m theo t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n Xanh \u1edf \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tuy t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u khi xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh<\/em> \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y 58% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu (???)<\/em>, trong khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 46% bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n than<\/strong>, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y th\u00eam c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi.[3]<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111ang cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng vangc\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cN\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Pulitzer, Richard Rhode l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong n\u0103m 2013, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Pushker Kharecha v\u00e0 James Hansen \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n trung b\u00ecnh 1,84 tri\u1ec7u ca t\u1eed vong do \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\u201d<\/strong>.\u00a0V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu do vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi gian qua, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 Hansen v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 tham gia l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb Illinois v\u00e0 New York \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Hi\u1ec7n nay, sau c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111ang k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 gi\u1eef b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5n \u00e1t n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hay kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, trong g\u1ea7n 8 n\u0103m qua k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Fukushima, \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/em>: Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2018 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a 450 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i 30 qu\u1ed1c gia k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 390 GWe, cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (sau \u0111i\u1ec7n than, kh\u00ed thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 11% \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/em>. Kho\u1ea3ng 50 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf 13 qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, UAE v\u00e0 Nga [6]. Theo xu th\u1ebf m\u1edbi, ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, UAE, Bangladesh, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, v.v.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Fukushima n\u0103m 2011, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 9 t\u1ed5 m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n. M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, sau khi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi, 2 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng – Genkai-3 v\u00e0 Genkai-4 – \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 03\/2018 v\u00e0 06\/2018. Theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3\/2019 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111ang t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. [7].<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 cho b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. \u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Pierre Dariulat: \u201cTrong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3i ra carbon hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t<\/strong> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, gi\u00f3, hay nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh tinh. Minh ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00e2ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 15%\u201d.[3]<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cTh\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 <\/strong>nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed3n th\u1ed5i?\u201d<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Y\u00ean Ninh, Ban H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Vi\u1ec7n NLNTVN<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(Bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ecfng theo b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cIf Nuclear Power Is So Safe, Why Are We So Afraid Of It?\u201d c\u1ee7a Michael Shellenberger, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c V\u00ec Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (EP). Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean T\u1ea0P ch\u00ed Forbes).<\/em><\/p>\n
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Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/strong> Linear no-threshold\u201d (LNT), t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch \u201cM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh phi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (LNT)\u201d, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ung th\u01b0 do b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 g\u00e2y ra \u1edf c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea1m vi li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 cao- ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ecbch t\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a li\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p- m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u d\u00e0i do b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ion h\u00f3a (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0) l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c li\u1ec1u t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c li\u1ec1u v\u00e0 su\u1ea5t li\u1ec1u. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng an to\u00e0n<\/strong>, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n [4].<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
https:\/\/aeon.co\/ideas\/fear-of-radiation-is-more-dangerous-than-radiation-itself<\/a><\/li>\n
https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster_casualties<\/a><\/li>\n
http:\/\/tiasang.com.vn\/-khoa-hoc-cong-nghe\/Tuong-lai-cua-dien-hat-nhan-tren-the-gioi-10951<\/a><\/li>\n
https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linear_no-threshold_model<\/a><\/li>\n
http:\/\/tapchitaichinh.vn\/dien-hat-nhan-tai-viet-nam\/qua-trinh-phat-trien-dien-hat-nhan-tren-the-gioi-57352.html<\/a><\/li>\n
http:\/\/www.world-nuclear.org\/information-library\/current-and-future-generation\/plans-for-new-reactors-worldwide.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n
http:\/\/nangluongvietnam.vn\/news\/vn\/dien-hat-nhan-nang-luong-tai-tao\/dien-hat-nhan\/xu-huong-phat-trien-moi-cua-dien-hat-nhan-tren-the-gioi.html<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n tin c\u1eady m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00ec so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13010,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-thong-tin-khoa-hoc","category-tin-tong-hop"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1768","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1768"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1768\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13011,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1768\/revisions\/13011"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13010"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1768"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1768"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1768"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}