H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0i to\u00e1n thay th\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch: \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang c\u00e2u c\u00e1 t\u1ea1i s\u00f4ng Vi\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Civaux, Ph\u00e1p, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1999<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch trong 30 n\u0103m t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n kh\u00f3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n cho b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u01a1n 80% ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n do vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tho\u00e1t ngh\u00e8o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00eam t\u00fac nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u1eed carbon cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u 100 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 kilowatt gi\u1edd m\u1ed7i n\u0103m – theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong v\u00f2ng 3 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam 3,3 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 kilowatt gi\u1edd n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 xe h\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u00a0t\u1eeb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch sang c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i carbon. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o – \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tham v\u1ecdng t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay- c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam 0,7 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 kilowatt gi\u1edd \u00a0\u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ea1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 1\/5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau 3,3 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 Kilowatt gi\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00ec v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eed carbon c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 150 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o nhanh h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00a0thay th\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u00a0cho than \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t.Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Bill Gates, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 1 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cs\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o cho ph\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o\u201d. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 r\u1eebng. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng carbon, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n cho b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Khi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh,\u00a0 g\u1ea5p 5 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em>. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ngay c\u1ea3 khi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. Gi\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 55% so v\u1edbi \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady, t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu s\u1ebd ra sao \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n? T\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch? L\u00fd do ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u201ckh\u00f3 nghe\u201d m\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u00e1m \u1ea3nh l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

Fosmark \u2013 m\u1ed9t trong 8 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi than \u0111\u00e1, ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u00e2y ra h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft m\u1ed7i n\u0103m do \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

Qua 6 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p duy nh\u1ea5t 1 tai n\u1ea1n g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi – tai n\u1ea1n Chernobyl n\u0103m 1986, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m 60 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong \u00a0v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c do b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng tai n\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p phi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1eadp th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u0103m 1984 v\u1ee5 r\u00f2 kh\u00ed Bhopal t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Union Carbide \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft 4000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 15.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng v\u00ec tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tai n\u1ea1n\u00a0 n\u0103m 1979 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea3o Ba D\u1eb7m (Three Mile Island) may m\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong n\u00e0o. N\u0103m 2011 t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 4 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n cao 50 ft (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 14,4 m) \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Fukushima, g\u00e2y ra r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. Theo Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c s\u01a1 t\u00e1n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng, thi\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfi khu v\u1ef1c x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi di t\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ee9c ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nguy hi\u1ec3m<\/em>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111i xung quanh khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 3 millisieverts (mSv) m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 200 mSv \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t nguy h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 50 mSv m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Fukushima, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 12 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m h\u01a1n 200mSv, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c 50 mSv. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 d\u00f9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u00e2y, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ngh\u0129. So v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u00a0nh\u01b0 than \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. Ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n sinh ra t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 lon soda. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u1edf M\u1ef9 trong su\u1ed1t 60 n\u0103m qua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y 1 s\u00e2n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao 20 ft (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 6,9m). Hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp trong nh\u1eefng th\u00f9ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng (ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00ea t\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef an to\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y trong nh\u1eefng l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n s\u00e2u trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u00a0nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00a0nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 do bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u00fangc\u00e1ch th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang g\u00e2y ra \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 10 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng 1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra nh\u1eefng l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng si\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft (hyper- regulated environment) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chi ph\u00ed b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i (win-win), \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c duy nh\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch: Cao V\u0169 Th\u00e1i H\u00e0 – Ban HTQT<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00f3m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:\u00a0Joshua S.Goldstein v\u00e0 Staffan A.Qvist<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00d4ng Goldstein l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 danh d\u1ef1 ng\u00e0nh quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9; <\/em><\/p>\n
\u00d4ng Qvist l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/em><\/p>\n
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B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cM\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1edbi: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo sau\u201d c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Public Affairs xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0i to\u00e1n thay th\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch: \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang c\u00e2u c\u00e1 t\u1ea1i s\u00f4ng Vi\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Civaux, Ph\u00e1p, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13806,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-quoc-te","category-tin-tong-hop"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2786","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2786"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2786\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13809,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2786\/revisions\/13809"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2786"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2786"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vinatom.gov.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2786"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}